Overview of Teddy Roosevelts Bull Moose Party Beliefs

The Bull Moose Party was the unofficial name of President Teddy Roosevelts Progressive Party of 1912. The nickname is said to have arisen from a quote by Theodore Roosevelt. When asked whether he was fit to be president, he responded that he was as fit as a bull moose. Origin of the Bull Moose Party Theodore Roosevelts terms as president of the United States ran from 1901 to 1909. Roosevelt was originally elected vice president on the same ticket as  William McKinley in 1900, but in September of 1901, McKinley was assassinated and Roosevelt finished out McKinleys term. He then ran and won the presidency in 1904. By 1908, Roosevelt had decided not to run again, and he urged his personal friend and ally William Howard Taft to run in his place. Taft was chosen and then won the presidency for the Republican Party. Roosevelt became unhappy with Taft, primarily because he wasnt following what Roosevelt considered progressive policies. In 1912, Roosevelt put his name forward to become the Republican Partys nominee again, but the Taft machine pressured Roosevelts supporters to vote for Taft or lose their jobs, and the party chose to stick with Taft. This angered Roosevelt, who walked out of the convention and then formed his own party, the Progressive Party, in protest. Hiram Johnson of California was chosen as his running mate. The Platform of the Bull Moose Party The Progressive Party was built on the strength of Roosevelts ideas. Roosevelt portrayed himself as an advocate for the average citizen, whom he said should play a larger role in government. His running mate Johnson was a progressive governor of his state, who had a record of successfully implementing social reforms. True to Roosevelts progressive beliefs, the platform of the party called for major reforms including womens suffrage, social welfare assistance for women and children, farm relief, revisions in banking, health insurance in industries, and workers compensation. The party also wanted an easier method to amend the constitution. Many prominent social reformers were drawn to the Progressives, including Jane Addams of Hull House, Survey magazine editor Paul Kellogg, Florence Kelley of Henry Street Settlement, Owen Lovejoy of the National Child Labor Committee, and Margaret Dreier Robins of the National Womens Trade Union. Election of 1912 In 1912, voters chose between Taft, Roosevelt, and  Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic candidate. Roosevelt shared many of the progressive policies of Wilson, yet his core support came from ex-Republicans who defected from the party. Taft was defeated, getting 3.5 million votes compared to Roosevelts 4.1 million. Together, Taft and Roosevelt earned a combined 50% of the popular vote to Wilsons 43%. The two former allies split the vote, however, opening the door for Wilsons victory. Midterm Elections of 1914 While the Bull Moose Party lost at the national level in 1912, it was energized by the force of support. Continuing to be bolstered by Roosevelts Rough Rider persona, the party named candidates on the ballot at several state and local elections. They were convinced that the Republican Party would be swept away, leaving U.S. politics to the Progressives and Democrats. However, after the 1912 campaign, Roosevelt went on a geographic and natural history expedition to the Amazon River in Brazil. The expedition, which began in 1913, was a disaster and Roosevelt returned in 1914, sick, lethargic, and frail. Even though he publicly renewed his pledge to fight for his Progressive Party to the end, he was no longer a robust figure. Without the energetic support of Roosevelt, the 1914  election results were disappointing for the Bull Moose Party as many voters returned to the Republican Party. End of the Bull Moose Party By 1916, the Bull Moose Party had changed: A prominent leader, Perkins, was convinced that the best route was to unite with Republicans against the Democrats. While the Republicans were interested in uniting with the Progressives, they were not interested in Roosevelt. In any case, Roosevelt refused the nomination after the Bull Moose Party chose him to be its standard-bearer in the presidential election. The party tried next to give the nomination to Charles Evan Hughes, a sitting justice on the Supreme Court. Hughes also refused. The Progressives held their last executive committee meeting in New York on May 24, 1916, two weeks before the Republican National Convention. But they were unable to come up with a reasonable alternative to Roosevelt. Without its Bull Moose leading the way, the party dissolved shortly thereafter. Roosevelt himself died of stomach cancer in 1919. Sources Dalton, Kathleen. Finding Theodore Roosevelt: A Personal and Political Story. The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, vol. 6, no. 4, 2007, pp. 363–83.Davis, Allen F. The Social Workers and the Progressive Party, 1912–1916. The American Historical Review, vol. 69, no. 3, 1964, pp. 671–88.Green, G. N. Republicans, Bull Moose, and Negroes in Florida, 1912. The Florida Historical Quarterly, vol. 43 no. 2, 1964, pp. 153–64.Ickes, Harold L. Who Killed the Progressive Party? The American Historical Review, vol. 46, no. 2, 1941, pp. 306–37.Pavord, Andrew C. The Gamble for Power: Theodore Roosevelts Decision to Run for the Presidency in 1912. Presidential Studies Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 3, 1996, pp. 633–47.

Death, Personal Experience and the Supernatural in Sylvia...

These five poems by Sylvia Plath are all connected by the theme of death, self-loathing, and by the presence of historical and magical concepts. Sylvia Plath uses very powerfully charged imagery of controversial and emotional topics in order to best describe her own life. Most of the poems reflect her own personal life, including the events that she has experienced and, more appropriately, the relationships and emotions that she has felt. Every single one of these five poems uses the word â€Å"dead† and the topic of death itself is prevalent in some manner. Of particular interest is the presence of her relationship with her deceased father, and her own reluctance to let go of his memory. Plaths poetry reflects her own self-loathing and†¦show more content†¦Shes angry at herself for not being able to forget about him. Her attachment to her father has brought her nothing but misery. She calls herself an ant, an insignificant creature working to fill all the cracks that this giant has left behind in her life. The words are all about movement, â€Å"scaling†, â€Å"crawl†, â€Å"mend†, and how this statue mocks her for trying to fix him. She write, â€Å"Mule-bray, pig-grunt and bawdy cackles / Proceed from your great lips. / Its worse than a barnyard.†(Plath 48-49) Plath takes great care to describe this broken statue, taking every opportunity she can to relate it to death itself. This statue is so large, though, that it is part of the very landscape; as much as she want to forget him, he is a very powerful figure in her mind. Here is where we get into another part of Plath. In her poetry she often makes allusions to mythological or fantastical figures from history. The very title of the poem itself can be seen as a reference to the massive statue of the Greek god, Helios, that was erected in Ancient Greece. Furthering this idea is her incorporation of the concept of the oracle and the Oresteia, a trilogy of Greek trage dies (Oresteia.). The poem â€Å"Daddy† is all about how Plath struggled to deal with the death of her father and how his memory affected her life, personally. She uses the controversial but highly effective approach of calling her father a Nazi and herself a Jew, although neither were (Erhard

What Is Sebi Free Essays

What is SEBI? SEBI is the regulator for the security Market in India. In 1988 the Securities   and   Exchange   Board   of   India   (SEBI)   was   established   by   the Government  of  India  through  an  executive  resolution. Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was first established in the year 1988 as a non-statutory body for regulating the securities market  and  was  subsequently upgraded  as  a  fully  autonomous  body  on  April  12,  1992  the Securities  and Exchange Board Of India was constituted. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Sebi or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was constituted in accordance with the provisions of the Securities and Exchange Board Of India Act 1992.Chaired by  C B Bhave, SEBI is headquartered in the popular business district of  Bandra-Kurla complex  in  Mumbai, and has Northern, Eastern, Southern and Western regional offices in  New Delhi,  Kolkata,  Chennaiand  Ahmedabad. PREAMBLE The Preamble of the Securities and Exchange Board of India describes the basic functions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India as â€Å"†¦.. to protect the interests of investors in securities and to promote the development of, and to regulate the securities market and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto† Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), Functions of SEBISEBI has to be responsive to the needs of three groups, which constitute the market: ? the issuers of securities ? the investors ? the market intermediaries. SEBI has three functions rolled into one body  quasi-legislative, quasi-judicial and quasi-executive. It drafts regulations in its legislative capacity, it conducts investigation and enforcement action in its executive function and it passes rulings and orders in its judicial capacity. Though this makes it very powerful, there is an appeals process to create accountability.There is a Securities Appellate Tribunal which is a hree-member tribunal and is presently headed by a former Chief Justice of a High court – Mr. Justice NK Sodhi. A second appeal lies directly to the  Supreme Court. SEBI has enjoyed success as a regulator by pushing systemic reforms aggressively and successively (e. g. the quick movement towards making the markets electronic and paperless rolling settlement on T+2 basis). SEBI has been active in setting up the regulations as required under law. SEBI has also been instrumental in taking quick and effective steps in light of the global meltdown and the Satyam fiasco. [citation needed]  It had[when?   increased the extent and quantity of disclosures to be made by Indian corporate promoters. More recently, in light of the global meltdown,it liberalised the takeover code to facilitate investments by removing regulatory strictures. In one such move, SEBI has increased the application limit for retail investors to Rs 2 lakh, from Rs 1 lakh at present. [3] The Board is responsible for the securing the interests of  investors in securities and to facilitate the growth of and to monitor the securitiesmarket in an appropriate manner. To monitor and  control the performance of stock  exchange and derivative markets.Listing and monitoring the functioning of stock  brokers, sub brokers, share transfer agents, bankers to an issue, trustees of trustdeeds, registrars to an issue, merchant bankers, underwriters, portfolio managers,investment advisers and others associated with securities markets by any means. Monitoring and Controlling the functioning of venture capital funds and mutualfunds. Forbid unjust and dishonest trade practices in the security markets andforbid insider trading in the security market. Undertake periodic audits of stock  exchanges, mutual funds, individuals and self regulatory organizations associated with the security market.Functions: 1. REGULATION OF STOCK EXCHANGES AND SUBSIDIARIES One of the key functions of the Board is to supervise and monitor the activities of the exchanges, clearing houses and the settlement system, strengthen market infrastructure and ensure that appropriate ris k management systems are in place. I. Inspection of Stock Exchanges: On-site supervision through inspection of stock exchanges is considered an effective regulatory tool. Under the policy of risk-based supervision which has been adopted from the year under review, stock exchanges having a significant turnover were taken up for onsite inspection.These were The Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), Calcutta Stock Exchange (CSE), National Stock Exchange (NSE), Inter Connected Stock Exchange (ISE), Ludhiana Stock Exchange (LSE), Hyderabad Stock Exchange (HSE) and Ahmedabad Stock Exchange (ASE). II. Inspection of Subsidiaries of Stock Exchanges III. Restructuring of Management of Subsidiaries: The inspection of the subsidiaries of stock exchanges revealed deficiencies in their functioning and risk management systems The management structure of the subsidiaries needed to undergo change in order to enable them to be able to provide a safe and ransparent market and effectively discharge their responsibilities towards investor protect ion. IV. Illegal Trading in Securities It had come to the notice of the SEBI that certain persons were engaging in trading in securities outside the purview of the stock exchanges (‘illegal trading in securities’). 2. REGISTRATION AND REGULATION OF THE WORKING OF INTERMEDIARIES In order to interpose between issuers and investors, regulators recognize various classes of intermediaries in the capital market. Regulation through intermediaries has been found, perhaps more effective in certain spheres of activity. SEBI, over the period, ecognized many types of capital market intermediaries in India and operations during the year is reviewed in the following sections. I. Primary Market Intermediaries such as merchant bankers, underwriters, debenture trustees, bankers to an issue, registrars to an issue and share transfer agents and portfolio manager are regulated by SEBI II. Secondary Market Brokers are one of the most important links between the investors and the market. Their association with the stock exchanges and investors dates back to as early as nineteenth century III. Registration of FIIs During the year 49 FIIs were granted fresh egistration whereas 34 FIIs were granted renewal of registration. 163 sub-accounts got registered and the registration of 71 subaccounts were renewed. IV. Registration of Custodian of Securities 3. REGISTRATION AND REGULATION OF COLLECTIVE INVESTMENT SCHEMES INCLUDING MUTUAL FUNDS AND VENTURE CAPITAL FUNDS. 4. PROMOTION AND REGULATION OF SELF REGULATORY ORGANISATIONS SUCH AS STOCK EXCHANGES. 5. PROPER CHECK ON FRAUDULENT AND UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 6. INVESTOR EDUCATION AND THE TRAINING OF INTERMEDIARIES 7. PROHIBITION OF INSIDER TRADING 8. SUBSTANTIAL ACQUISITION OF SHARES AND TAKE-OVERS 9. INSPECTION AND INQUIRIES 0. DELEGATED POWERS AND FUNCTIONS 11. FEES AND OTHER CHARGES 12. RESEARCH AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Some Leading Scams in India: Some  Leading  Scams  in  India  Securities  Scam  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Harshad  Mehta  (1991-92)Floating Companies Scam – C R Bhansali (1992-96) UTI Scam – Unit 64 –  Bailout Package of 3,500-4,000 Crores Home Trade – Sanjay Agarwal (2000) –  Around 300 Crores Scam Securities Scam – Ketan Parekh – Rs 1,500 Crores FakeStamp Fraud – Abdul Karim Telgi – Around 30,000 Crores DSQ Software –  Dinesh Dalmiya (2001) – Around 600 Crores IPO Scam – Karvy, Indiabulls(2004-05) Satyam – Ramalinga Raju (2009) – Around 12,000 Crores.Organization structure Chandrasekhar Bhaskar Bhave  is the sixth chairman of the Securities Market Regulator. Prior to taking charge as Chairman SEBI , he had been the chairman of NSDL (National Securities Depository Limited) ushering in paperless securities. Prior to his stint at NSDL, he had served SEBI as a Senior Executive Director. He is a former  Indian Administrative Service  officer of the 1975 batch. The Board comprises[2] Name |Designation |As per | |C B Bhave |Chairman  SEBI |CHAIRMAN | |KP Krishnan |Joint Secretary,  Ministry of Finance |Member | |Anurag Goel |Secretary,  Ministry of Corporate Affairs |Member | |Dr G  Mohan Gopal |Director,  National Judicial Academy, Bhopal |Member | |MS Sahoo |Whole Time Member,  SEBI |Member | |Dr KM Abraham |Whole Time Member,  SEBI |Member | |Mohandas Pai |Director,  Infosys |Member | |Prashant Saran |Whole Time Member,  SEBI |Member | Steps taken by SEBI to make investors aware of their rights : Brokers and Sub-brokers: Brokers and Sub-brokers Don’ts: Do not deal with unregistered intermediaries. Do not pay more than approved brokerage to the intermediaries. Do not undertakedeals for othersDo not neglect to set out in writing, orders for higher value given o ver phone. Do not accept blank delivery instructions slip while meeting security pay-in obligations. Do not accept unsigned/duplicate contract note/confirmationmemo. Do   not   accept   contract   note/confirmation   memo   signed   by   anyunauthorised person. Do not delay payment/deliveries of securities to broker/ sub-broker. Do not get carried away by luring advertisements, if any. Do not be led by market rumours or get into shady transactions. Investing in Mutual Funds: Investing  in  Mutual   Funds   Dos: Read  the   offer   document  carefully  before investing. Note that investments in Mutual Funds may be risky.Mention your  bank account number in the application form. Invest in a scheme depending upon your investment objective and risk appetite. Note that Net Asset Value of a scheme is subject to change depending upon market conditions. Insist for a copy of the offer document/key information memorandum before investing. Note that past  performance  of  a  scheme  is  not  indicative  of  future  performance. Past performance of a scheme may or may not be sustained in future. Keep track of the Net Asset Value of a scheme, where you have invested, on a regular basis. Find out  about  the  investment  profile  provided  in  portfolio  disclosures  which  isavailable on half yearly basis. Investing  in  Mutual  Funds  Don’ts:Do  not  invest  in  a  scheme  just  because somebody is offering you a commission or other incentive, gifts etc. Do not get carried  away  by  the  name  of  the  scheme/Mutual  Fund. Do  not  fall  prey  to promises of unrealistic returns. Do not forget to take note of risks involved in the investment. Do   not   hesitate   to   approach   concerned   persons   and   then   the appropriate authorities for any problem. Do not deal with any agent/broker dealer  who is not registered with Association of Mutual Funds in India (AMFI). Avoid herd mentality while buying / selling into mutual fund schemes. Do not leave out KYC  details  in  your  application  forms. That  will  make  the  forms  liable  for  rejection.Do not rush into making investments that do not match your risk taking appetite and investment goals. Investors should be wary of concentrating their  mutual fund portfolio in one particular asset class and not diversifying acrossvarious   types   of   scheme   profiles. Dealing in Securities: Dealing in Securities Dos: Transact only through Stock Exchanges. Deal only through SEBI registered intermediaries. Complete all the required formalities of  opening an account properly (Client  registration, Client agreement forms etc). Ask  for and sign â€Å"Know Your Client Agreement†. Read and properly understand the risks  associated  with  investing  in  securities  /  derivatives  before  undertaking transactions.Assess the risk – return profile of the investment as well as the liquidity  and  safety  aspects  before  making  your  investment  decision. Ask  all relevant questions and clear your doubts with your broker before transacting. Invest based on sound reasoning after taking into account all publicly available information and on fundamentals. Give clear and unambiguous instructions to your broker / sub-broker / depository participant. Be vigilant in your transactions. Dealing in Securities: Dealing in Securities Don’ts: Given the benefits of trading on stock exchange it is advisable   to   avoid   off-market   transactions. Do   not   deal   with   unregistered intermediaries.Do not fall prey to promises of unrealistic returns. Do not invest on the basis of hearsay and rumors; verify before investment. Do not forget to take note of risks involved in the investment. Do not be misled by rumours circulating in the market. Do not be influenced into buying into fundamentally unsound companies (penny stocks) based on sudden spurts in trading volumes or prices or  non authentic favorable looking articles / stories. Do not  follow the herd or play on momentum – it could turn against you. Do not be misled by so called hot tips. Do not try to time the market. Do not hesitate to approach the proper authorities for  redressal   of   your   doubts   /   grievances. How to cite What Is Sebi, Papers

International LawA Essay Research Paper Australia Territory free essay sample

International Law ( A ) Essay, Research Paper Australia Territory ContinentIntroduction [ 1.1 ] Australia has ever been regarded as terra nullius under International Law. Terra nullius is a # 8220 ; district belonging to no province, that is, district non inhabited by a community with a societal and political administration. In International Law, effectual business is the traditional manner of widening sovereignty over terra nulliua # 8221 ; 1. In 1788, on the coming of find, the British became legal residents of Australia. Coincidence with the British Crown # 8217 ; s acquisition of Sovereignty was the importing of all British Torahs into Australia. Although Australia was inhabited by Aborigines before European colony, their presence was ignored by the British because they were regarded as barbaric, crude and persons instead than communities. Therefore, if of all time they had any native rubric to set down, this was non recognised by the British. [ 1.2 ] The first effort made by Natives seeking legal acknowledgment of native rubric to land was a failure in the instance of Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd2. However, in the instance of Mabo A ; Others v The State of Queensland ( No.2 ) 3 native rubric was lawfully recognised and protected under the Australian common jurisprudence. Part of the Commonwealth Government response to the Mabo determination came in the Native Title Act 1993. In order to understand the consequence of these two on Australian land jurisprudence it is first necessary to hold on an grasp for their contents. Then an scrutiny of the effects so far and the hereafter upon Australian land jurisprudence as a consequence. Background to Mabo Case [ 2.1 ] In 1982, Eddie Mabo and four others issued a writ in the Brisbane Supreme Court to counter-act the Queensland Land Act 1962 wherein Bjelke-Petersen # 8217 ; s authorities created proposals to enthrone rubric to militias in Councils by agencies of Deeds of Grant in Trust4. [ 2.2 ] The complainants wanted acknowledgment of Murray Island ownership deducing from Meriam jurisprudence and non Queensland jurisprudence. Furtherm ore, they did non O.K. of holding their involvement vested in the Council as legal guardian due to the fact that Meriam jurisprudence recognises single and household land rubric as opposed to communal ownership. With a narrow bulk of 4-3 in the Supreme Court of Brisbane, the instance was given leave to be heard in the High Court. The opinion was eventually to be handed down ten old ages subsequently in June, 19925. [ 2.3 ] Their first claim was achieved by the High Court wherein a bulk of 6-1 recognized native rubric to set down deducing from Meriam Torahs and imposts. So it was decided that the Meriam people as a people owned Murray Island. The determination in Mabo is a legal revolution6. It overturned 200 old ages of premises about the foundation of British jurisprudence in Australia7. Previous Common Law A ; Mabo [ 3.1 ] It can be seen that the Crown # 8217 ; s acquisition of sovereignty in Australia led to the acceptance of terra nullius. This gave the Crown non merely power to regulation and the extremist rubric as ultimate land proprietor, but besides the good ownership of the whole land in the district, which it was so free to make whatever it so wished. Terra nullius did non seek to snuff out native rubric, but instead province that there was no native rubric on the land to get down with8. [ 3.2 ] In the 1847 instance of Attorney General V Brown9 a adult male who found some coal on land felt that it was his. When an action was brought by the Attorney General against him, he pleaded that land in Australia did non use to set down in England, and therefore British jurisprudence should non use. However the Full Court of the Supreme Court of New South Wales said, # 8220 ; we are of the sentiment since the first colony in 1788 that all land vested in the Crown # 8221 ; the tribunal went on to happen there to be no ground why the jurisprudence of England should non use to Australia. [ 3.3 ] In the instance of Coe v Commonwealth10 it was argued that Austr alia was non settled but instead conquered and therefore, a vanquisher can merely make so much as is compatible with the involvements of the state. As such, the fundamental laws of those conquered shall still be. However, the High Court found that Australia was non conquered but instead settled. Aborigines were considered as portion of the vegetations and zoologies and had no existent Torahs or sense of administration. [ 3.4 ] In the instance of Milirrpum V Nabalco11 the complainants argued that, because their communal native rubric was violated, the mineral rentals in inquiry were invalid. The complainants failed in their action, even though they had been able to turn out that their ascendants had a recognizable system of jurisprudence. The complainants had been unable to show that they had a correlativity with the land which could be exactly called a # 8220 ; proprietary involvement # 8221 ; under the white jurisprudence. Blackburn J held that the philosophy of communal native r ubric did non organize and neer formed portion of the jurisprudence of Australia. He went on to do a differentiation between settled and a conquered or ceded settlement in saying: # 8220 ; There is a differentiation between settled settlements, where the land, being desert and uncultivated, is claimed by right of tenancy and conquered or ceded settlements. The words desert and uncultivated are Blackstone # 8217 ; s ain # 8230 ; it has been taken to included district in which lived barbarian dwellers in a crude province of society. The difference between the Torahs of the two sorts of settlement are instantly in force there upon its foundation. In those of the latter sort, the settlement already holding jurisprudence of its ain, that jurisprudence remains in force until altered. # 8221 ; 12 [ 3.5 ] However, in Mabo the philosophy of Terra Nullius was rejected. As a consequence of this rejection, native rubric in the signifier of good ownership had survived the Crown # 8217 ; s a ppropriation of sovereignty and extremist title13. It is this good ownership that is being claimed today by autochthonal people on unalienated Crown Land. Blackburn J. failed to decently analyze the existing civilization and systems of jurisprudence developed by autochthonal Australians before the British arrived. How so can the Justice decently say that Australia was settled earlier decently measuring whether such systems of administration existed? Just because land is left untilled and unmarked does non intend rubric does non be. The thought of the Doctrine of Tenure # 8211 ; that is, land shall ever belong to person # 8211 ; if non in the Crown so seems to exist14. [ 3.6 ] With the common jurisprudence acknowledgment of native rubric in Australia by the highest tribunal in the land has dispelled the hapless opinions made in earlier common jurisprudence instances and initiated a first measure towards rapprochement of land to the Aboriginal people, where it was seen just and just . [ 3.7 ] The opinion of Brennan J in Mabo noted nine indispensable points associating to the common jurisprudence, which laid the land work as to how native rubric should be in Australia. Brennan J felt that the Crown # 8217 ; s acquisition of land was justiciable ( it is an act of the province ) ; he felt that upon acquisition of sovereignty, the Crown besides received extremist rubric ( which means to state that the Crown did non deduce its rubric from a superior rubric ) ; that native rubric survived the acquisition of sovereignty ; that inspite of the being of native rubric, the Crown may snuff out it by doing a grant inconsistent with native rubric, evading that freehold was non available to autochthonal Australians ; that in the instance of national Parkss and such, where a freehold involvement does non be, native rubric can be side by side ; that native rubric, its incidence and those who are entitled shall be those people merely involved and no others ; that native rubric may be surrended to the Crown, but it can non be transferred to other non-indigenous people ; that since native rubric was dependent on imposts and traditions, if a group of people disown their imposts or lose fond regard to the land, that rubric is extinguished ; and eventually that wheresoever native rubric is extinguished, so that involvement reverts to the Crown15. [ 3.8 ] These standards that Brennan J draws on are reflected in the Commonwealth # 8217 ; s ulterior acknowledgment of the Court # 8217 ; s determination in the Native Title Act 1993 ( Cth ) . The standard for claims by autochthonal Australians seem about impossible at times, but non without merely cause. The standards act as a bar from false or deceptive claims, but it besides seems to do it more of a undertaking to those who are legitimate in their claims, but are about put off by the demands to accomplish a successful claim16. [ 3.9 ] Toohey J in his opinion found the being of an enforceable fiducial relationshi p between authoritiess and autochthonal communities. The Justice felt, based on the facts, the Queensland Government in selling land off to developers for a tourer composite violated the wishes/interests of the autochthonal titleholders were in breach of their fiducial responsibility and were apt in amendss. This provided for the protection to vulnerable communities against oppressive authoritiess over and above the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 ( Cth ) 17. [ 3.10 ] Toohey J felt that a changeless business of land was non necessary for native rubric to be granted, a mere visit from clip to clip may represent business and legal ownership. The deductions of Toohey # 8217 ; s J opinion to Australian land jurisprudence opens a new country for non-traditional Aboriginal and Islander communities across Australia who remain on or in close association with their ancient lands, to see a claim for native rubric to those lands18. Impact of Mabo [ 4.1 ] As a consequence of the Mabo, the Crown acquired sovereignty and extremist rubric, but burdened with preexistent native rubric. This rubric is determined in conformity with traditional jurisprudence and customs19, where Blackburn J in Milirrpum refused to admit. [ 4.2 ] The determination in Mabo made it clear that when the crowned head grants an involvement entirely or partially inconsistent with native rubric, that rubric would be extinguished to the extent of the incompatibility. The trial is based on a clear purpose of the crowned head to make so20. [ 4.3 ] The determination in Mabo felt that freehold grant would snuff out native rubric. At present it is felt that leasehold grants extinguish native rubric due to the fact of sole ownership, unless the footings express otherwise21. [ 4.4 ] One must observe the authorities nor tribunals have recognised minerals on land as falling within native rubric, and province that such minerals still belong to the Crown. This still allows excavation to go on where excavation compani es have permission from the native rubric proprietors and may pay business rent on their properties22. [ 4.5 ] Mabo has affected the temperament of land. A crown grant of rubric may be transferred to another. Therefore, it is a rubric that is alienable and can be disposed of by will to another person. On the other manus, a native rubric: # 8220 ; is a communal rubric, based on rank of a folk or other group, with no construct of single entitlement. But this is non a necessary characteristic, and the Murray Islanders are no exclusion. Aspects such as heritage of rights under native rubric, or 1 transportations of rights, or the entitlement to keep rubric, will depend on the Torahs and imposts of the indigens ( Brennan at 44 ) . # 8221 ; 23 Clearly in here, the Latin axiom, nemo digital audiotape quod non habet is applicable. [ 4.6 ] However, it must be besides mentioned that native rubrics can be alienated by give uping to the Crown where, for case, the Crown intends to turn certain native land in national Parkss ( where Aborigines can bask the land side by side ) . Another state of affairs arises when rights are granted to non-members in the signifier of licences and licenses. The licensee does non hold sole ownership. His involvement in the land is determinable. For illustration, a adult male who marries into another community may get a right to utilize a package of land degree Fahrenheit or as long as he resides in that area. Such a right is retained when the ‘lease’ expires. Hence, native title may be granted in the form of licenses or permits but it can never be transferred or sold to non-members of the group24. [4.7] One must note that native title and freehold land can be acquired by the Crown as bona vacantia as pursuant to s20(v) of the Property Law Act 1974 (Qld). This is made possible if a group becomes extinct or if the people cease to acknowledge the laws or customs of the group. Furthermore, native titles and Crown grants of title are both legal rights that can be protected, where appropriate by legal action25. [4.8] The effects of Mabo are long and far reaching, not just upon land law, but potentially into other areas of law, such as criminal law. The case of Walker v New South Wales26 highlights this, although such a recognition of separate laws was dispelled, with further recognition of native title to indigenous Australians, one can only question the recognition of their law and whether they should be subject to other laws. Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) [5.1] Following the Mabo decision, the Commonwealth Parliament took heed of the comments expressed by the majority justices and enacted the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) (NTA). Criticism however has come from the Constitutionalists who believe that the decision by the High Court was more political rather than judicial, and breached the doctrine of the separation of powers. However the acknowledgment of the decision by the Commonwealth government in its legislation has brought justification to the High Courts decision27. [5.2] The preamble of the NTA sets out considerations taken into account by the parliament in enacting this law, summarises the High Court’s stand in Mabo, and how this led to a fundamental change in Australia’s land law. The NTA was only intended to be a starting point and framework for response to the native title issue. Its operation see ms to take effect in three main ways: recognition and protection of native title; confirmation of past acts which were invalid under the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth) due to their effect on native title; and regulation of future acts concerning land subject to native title28. [5.3] The first point involves acknowledging that native title exists under indigenous law, whether recognised or not. However, only title that is recognised by the common law will be protected, and only by the means provided in the other two aspects. [5.4] The second point shows that acts which extinguished native title before October 31st 1975, when the Racial Discrimination Act came into substantive effect, are valid and the extinguishment will not be redressed. (The resulting question is that, if validation of acts that occurred during the last twenty years should give rise to compensation, why should acts before that point not also give rise to compensation? It does seem practical to not look back t oo far at individual acts, but rather focus on returning land or providing compensation on a regional basis where the past is too complex or buried. However, this date is one of convenience, not a principled attempt at justice.) [5.5] Acts between that date and 1st January 1994, when relevant parts of the NTA came into substantive effect, are invalid to the extent that they are inconsistent with native title and breach the Racial Discrimination Act. These can be validated by legislation consistent with the NTA, but that involves compensating native title holders. Also, it is possible, (but unlikely,) that some past acts may not be validated. [5.6] The third point mainly introduces the idea of negotiation by native title holders where a government is considering affecting native title. It also covers surrender of native title to governments or authorisation of future acts affecting native title; and permissible future acts, which are basically any acts that affect native title in the same way that they would affect ordinary title. [5.7] It should be noted that the NTA provided for the establishment of the National Native Title Tribunal (NNTT) in early 1994. Facts show that maybe the effectiveness of both the NTA and the NNTT created by it should come into question. The NNTT, having received nearly 120 native title applications has still yet to come to a final determination. Even though the NNTT has been given the judicial function of making binding orders as previous to where earlier tribunals could only make persuasive recommendations. Still, the NNTT is reluctant to make any final decision for the fear of favouring unfair interests outside of what the scope of the NTA was made to cover29. [5.8] Further, the establishment of the NTA has come into question by the Western Australian government in the recent case of Western Australia v Commonwealth30. The West Australian government alleged that the Commonwealth, in passing the NTA had no right under the Commonwea lth constitution to legislate in the area, nor any s109 right to render state laws invalid in the area. However, this idea was rejected by the High Court of Australia. In passing, the High Court said the NTA did acknowledge that there were indigenous rights (such as fishing and hunting), but in no way did the NTA extend to such matters. [5.9] It should also be noted the NTA also made provision for a range of other matters, including the establishment of a National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Land Fund31. Other Effects [6.1] There is no doubt the decision in Mabo has raised allot of eyebrows amongst many people and organisations in Australia. From Miners to the honest Joe who has his quarter acre in suburbia. Mabo has meant a greater appreciation of Australia’s unique system of land law in Australia by all Australians. Mabo has led the way in a push for a greater emphasis of study in land law at both secondary and tertiary level today. Obviously with this has come mo re resources and information related to land law today. Both local and international. [6.2] Another effect of the Mabo decision and NTA has been the need for more land lawyers in the area with an appreciation and understanding of the impact of native title in Australia and how to properly claim under the NTA. Mabo has brought a true understanding by all Australians of the plight of indigenous Australians to land rights and the often ludicrous misgivings many Australians once had such as in the almost paradoxical Bi-centennial celebrations in 1988 â€Å"of a nation†. Future of Native Title in Australia [7.1] There is no doubt the Mabo decision and the NTA have rewritten Australia’s legal history and helped lay down a new set of principles by which native titles can be claimed. It is hoped that now with a fairer system which follows the common law world, Australia can strive for a fairer more workable system of land law which reflects the true diversity of Australian cul ture. That is, a system acknowledging the existence of its indigenous people which have developed laws and customs which should be appreciated and understood. Footnotes 1 definition from The CCH Macquarie Concise Dictionary of Modern Law, p129. 2 Milirrpum v Nabalco (1971) 17 FLR 141. 3 Mabo Others v The State of Queensland (No.2) (1992) 175 CLR 1. 4 Crommelin, M. Law Institute Journal. vol 67, no 9 1993. p809. 5 Keon-Cohen, B. Aboriginal Law Bulletin. vol 2, no 56 1992. p22. 6 Id. 22-23. 7 Gottliebsen, R. Business Review Weekly. vol 15, no 29 1993. p6. 8 Heckenberg, W. The Bulletin. vol 42, no 25 1993. p7. 9 Attorney General v Brown (1847) 2 SCR (NSW) App 30. 10 Coe v Commonwealth (1979) 53 ALJR 403. 11 Milirrpum v Nabalco (1971) 17 FLR 141. 12 Id. 201. 13 Mabo Others v The State of Queensland (No.2) (1992) 175 CLR 1 at 58. 14 Neave, M. Rossiter, C. Property Law: Cases and Materials (5th ed., Sydney: Butterworths, 1994) 190-195. 15 Bartlett, R. The Mabo Decision (Sydney: Butterw orths, 1993) 8-9. 16 Sykes, T. Australian Business Monthly. vol 13, no 10 1993. p32-37. 17 Keon-Cohen, B. op.cit. 23. 18 Id. 22-23. 19 Sullivan, A. The Bulletin. vol 42, no 25 1993. p22-23. 20 Mabo Others v The State of Queensland (No.2) (1992) 175 CLR 1 at 69. 21 Id. 44-45. 22 Gottliebsen, R. op.cit. 6,8. 23 Gregory, M. Alternative Law Journal. vol 17, no 4 1992. p160. 24 Bartlett, R. loc.cit. 5-26. 25 Mabo Others v The State of Queensland (No.2) (1992) 175 CLR 1 at 44-45. 26 Walker v New South Wales Unreported High Court of Australia case, delivered as No. C8 of 1994. 27 Neave, M. Rossiter, C. loc.cit. 39-40. 28 s.10. Native title is recognised and protected, in accordance with this Act. s.223(1) The expression â€Å"native title† or â€Å"native title rights and interests† means the communal, group or individual rights and interests of Aboriginal peoples or Torres Strait Islanders in relation to land or waters, where: as described in act (a),(b) and (c). 29 Neave , M. Rossiter, C. loc.cit. 38-40. 30 Commonwealth v Western Australia Unreported High Court decision handed down in 1995, can be found on the Unreported Judgements CD ROM at the James Cook University Library. 31 Neave, M. Rossiter, C. loc.cit. 39-40. Bibliography Bartlett, R. (ed) The Mabo Decision. (Sydney; Butterworths, 1993). Blainey, G. ‘Mabo in black and white’ (1994) 14 (3) Australian Business Monthly 92-95. Brennan, F. ‘Mabo’s Case’ (1992) 1 (2) Constitutional Centenary 12. Butt, P. Land Law (Sydney, Law Book Co., 1988). Coombs, H. ‘Grasping the Mabo opportunity’ (1993) 13 (10) Australian Business Monthly 38-41. Crommelin, M. ‘Mabo Explained’ (1993) 67 (9) Law Institute Journal 809-811. Cullen, R. ‘Mabo v Queensland’ (1990) 20 (1) University of Western Australia Law Review 190-194. Flood, S. Mabo: A Symbol of Sharing. (Sydney; Fink Consultancy, 1993). Gottliebsen, R. ‘Who sets the law of the land? ’ (1993) 15 (29) Business Review Weekly 6,8. Gregory, M. ‘Rewriting History 1 Mabo v Queensland: the Decision’ (1992) 17 (4) Alternative Law Journal 160. Heckenberg, W. ‘Mabo musing: a pragmatic approach’ (1993) 42 (25) Bulletin 7. Henderson, G. ‘Mabo and the making of policy’ (1993) 13 (10) Australian Business Monthly 46-47. Horrigan, B. ‘Implication of the Mabo Decision’ (1993) 8 (2) Australian Property Law Bulletin 21-59. Keon-Cohen, B. ‘Eddie Mabo and Ors v The State of Queensland’ (1992) 2 (56) Aboriginal Law Bulletin 22-23. Kirby, M. ‘In Defence of Mabo’ (1994) 1 (2) The Reporter 18-21. Mansell, M. +The Court gives an Inch but takes another Mile+ (1992) 2 (57) Aboriginal Law Bulletin 6. Morgan, H. +Mabo, Australia the High Court+ (1994) 1 (4) The Reporter 12. Neave, M. Rossiter, C. Property Law: Cases and Materials (5th Edition) (Sydney, Butterworths, 1994). Nygh, N. ‘Implications of R ecent High Court Decisions for State Laws Dealing with Aborigines and Aboriginal Land’ (1990) 1 (4) Public Law Review 329-337. Pearson, N. +204 Years of Invisible Title+ in Stephenson, M. Ratnapala, S. (eds) Mabo: A Judicial Revolution St Lucia; University of Queensland Press, 1993. Pengelley, N. Mabo: A Sourcebook (Melbourne; Monash Information Service, 1993). Sullivan, A. ‘Mabo misunderstood’ (1993) 22 (23) The Bulletin 22-23. Sykes, T. ‘Mabo and the real world’ (1993) 13 (10) Australian Business Monthly 32-37. Taylor, L. +Mining Chief slams land rights ruling+ The Australian, 13 October 1992, p. 3, column 2. Twomey, A. ‘A Law Librarian’s Guide Through the Mabo Maze’ (1993) 1 (4) Australian Law Librarian 152-156. Wise, V. ‘Mabo Abroad – Native American Land Claims in the United States’ (1993) 1 (4) Australian Law Librarian 157-159. Young, P. ‘Australian native title’ (1992) 66 (9) Australian Law Journal 551-552.

Persuasive Outline Essays (413 words) - Cannabis,

Persuasive Outline Topic: Legalization of Marijuana Audience: Essay General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that hearing is very valuable and if some precautions are not taken then it may be lost forever. Thesis: I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: Did you know that the American government spends more than 20 billion a year on marijuana prohibition? B. Reason to Listen: Legalizing marijuana will have a positive effect on our country. C. Thesis Statement: Marijuana prohibition is ineefective because of its high cost, infringement of personal liberties, does not help, and has strong potential for medicinal use. people of all ages. D. Credibility Statement: 1. I have done research on the internet and from reading a TIME magazine article on this topic. 2. I have previous background knowledge on this topic E. Preview of Main Points: III. Conclusion A. Review of Main Points: 1. Liberty: people deserve freedom to use marijuana. 2. Cost: keeping marijuana illegal is expensive. 3. Failure: prohibition doesn't help. B. Restate Thesis: : Marijuana prohibition is ineefective because of its high cost, infringement of personal liberties, does not help, and has strong potential for medicinal use. Point 1 - Liberty: From a philosophical point of view, individuals deserve the right to make choices for themselves. Marijuana is far less dangerous than some drugs which are legal, such as alcohol and tobacco Marijuana use does not endanger others and so therefore the government has no reasonable cause to ban its use. SUMMARY:Individuals deserve the right to decide whether or not they should use marijuana. The government should not tell individuals what to do as long as they do not harm others. Point 2 -Cost: keeping marijuana illegal is expensive: It would save our government lots of money. Marijuana users often get locked up in prison and the taxpayers have pay. In addition, if marijuana were legal, the government would be able to collect taxes on it, and would have a lot more money to pay for effective drug education programs and other important causes. SUMMARY:We would have more money to spend on important problems if marijuana were legal. Point 3; Fa ilure: prohibition doesn't help There is no good evidence that prohibition decreases drug use, and there are several theories that suggest prohibition might actually increase drug use One unintended effect of marijuana prohibition is that marijuana is very popular in American high schools. SUMMARY:Prohibition does not work. Education and treatment are better ways to address the drug problem.

The Value of the You Attitude in Professional Writing

The Value of the 'You Attitude' in Professional Writing The you attitude is more than a matter of playing with  pronouns or even of playing nice. Its good business. In professional writing, the you attitude means looking at a topic from the readers point of view (you) instead of our own (me): Me Attitude: I have requested that your order is sent out today.You Attitude: You will receive your order by Wednesday. In emails, letters, and reports, emphasizing what our readers want or need to know is likely to generate goodwill and lead to positive results. Why It's All About You, You, You Put yourself in the readers place and think about the kinds of emails and letters that you like to receive. Messages that are stuffy, pushy, and vague? Unlikely. Messages that elicit a positive response are generally positive themselves: courteous and considerate, with just enough information to anticipate the most common questions and concerns. In any case, dont make your message all about me or us. If youre trying to persuade your readers to buy a product, accept an offer, pay a bill, or perform a service for you, emphasize whats in it for them. You're in Good Hands or Maybe Not Heres an excerpt from a letter (addressed to Insured followed by a ten-digit number) that shows a marked insensitivity to the you attitude: As a participating company of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), policies written through Allstate Flood are subject to periodic reviews by the Risk Mitigation Unit of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). This review process serves to ensure that policies have been properly rated based on the supporting documentation provided and according to the rules and regulations set forth by the NFIP... The above referenced policy was reviewed by the Flood Service Center and it has been determined that this policy has been rated incorrectly, or that additional information or clarification of submitted documentation is required to ensure that the policy has been properly rated. The following items are needed to complete the underwriting file and establish the proper rate for this account ... Clearly, its going to take more than a ​you to fix this letter. For one thing, theres not even a ​we here. The persistent use of the passive voice obscures any sense of a human subject a problem also demonstrated by the signature line, which reads (sincerely and monolithically), Allstate Flood Underwriting. One presumption of the you attitude is that both writer and reader are real people. But like the wrapper on a loaf of Wonder Bread, the Allstate letter might just as well say, Never touched by human hands. The multiple-choice format of the second paragraph only deepens the mystery. Just who reviewed, determined, and rated? Thats not for us to know. Has the policy been rated incorrectly for the past eight years, and if so, when and how did this blunder come to light? Has information been misplaced dropped behind a filing cabinet, say, or deleted by a clumsy intern? All things are possible in the stilted language of this form letter, and nothing is certain. Except for one thing, of course: it looks like our rates are going up again. Five Guidelines for Writing With the "You Attitude" Establish a good, respectful relationship with your readers by addressing them directly, writing in the active voice and using the second person (you, your, and yours), not just the first (I, me, mine, we, us, and ours).Try to empathize with your readers. Ask yourself: what do they want, what do they need to know, and whats in it for them? Rather than focus on your product, your service, or yourself, stress how your readers will benefit from complying with your message.Earn the respect of your readers by being courteous, tactful, and gracious.And finally, if youre ever tempted to write it should go without saying, stifle the impulse.

LIterary Analysis, Bioethics, Psychology, Sociology, and History of Essay

LIterary Analysis, Bioethics, Psychology, Sociology, and History of Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro - Essay Example This has required the readers to scrutinize the cultural supposition on the subject of human humanness, and to countenance intricate questions: what it means to be human. How humanity can be defined. The novel has led to the many research; the literal research can be as follows: bioethics, sociology, and psychology of the book. The book goes through past the boundaries of the literal novel, by gripping the mystery of the beautiful love story, wounding critique of human insensitivity, also in the moral examination of people tend to treat the fewer fortunes in our different society today. The book can be analyzed, and we can easily come up with various themes, which can educate our society of today, starting from, the sociological and psychological and history of the book (Whitehead, 55). The history of human cloning started, from a group in the New Castle University who took eleven women (Whitehead, 54). They took their genetic resources and replaced it with DNA from the developing stem cells. The project was to make the cloned embryos from which the stem cells could be used to cure the diseases. The stem cell lines are produced by taking the genetic materials of the patient and putting it into the eggs that donated by the donors. The resultant egg, therefore, became a perfect match for individuals, and used in treating disease such as diabetes without any problem of rejection. The therapeutic cloning believed to have a huge potential to cure diseases, and disabilities in people, therefore, allowed in Britain. On the other hand, the reproductive cloning, this is the cloning of human embryos with the intention of creating a baby. It has become illegal since 2001 (Toker & Daniel, 164).Let me go as been enormously received extremely received, critically, and included t he curriculum courses of various colleges in both, Britain and the United States of America, it has also been include the secondary schools

Tobacco Addiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tobacco Addiction - Essay Example Nicotine is what which causes tobacco addiction; it is justified indeed as tobacco comes from a plant called Nicotiana. Hydrogen cyanide is also present in tobacco which is more commonly known as rat poison. Even the most forgotten corners of the world know for a fact that anything that contains tobacco is dangerous for health. It is rational that they know the risk. Still, one billion people use tobacco; that's more or less 16% of the world population!Smoking seems to help a lot of people overcome many problems; from wafting their troubles away to even thinking of it as some sort of a companion. A person starts smoking for a lot of reasons but once they start it seems harder and harder to quit. They become a drug addict: they crave for the feelings which arise in them whenever they smoke. Some people don't want to stop smoking others just can't tolerate the smell of the smoke. Smoking is cool for teens, a way of life for adults and a part of personality for the aged. People smoke so that they can concentrate on something, part with stress or just simply pass the time. People who smoke generally tend to feel relaxed which is not true as smoking immediately increases the heart rate, flow of blood from the heart and blood pressure. It does, however, calm the senses and numbs the fingers of feet and hands. It weakens appetite and feelings of hunger but it hasn't been proven that obese people would benefit from smoking. All this happens because the brain releases a lot of chemicals which eventually have the smoker in a sate of pure bliss. The nicotine receptor gene of smokers causes them to be eight times more prone to start smoking than non-smokers. Although there are five ways of smoking: cigarette, hookah, pipe, cigar and roll-your-owns; only cigarette is the most common. Cigarettes are known to have pleasing short-term effects but hazardous long-term ones. Nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide are the substances which make up the 'tobacco smoke.' Tobacco smoke is tasted or more commonly, inhaled. Nicotine takes exactly seven seconds to make up its way to the brain and trigger feelings in pleasing combinations of reduced anxiety, heightened pleasure, and a state of alert. It can be used as an anesthetic or a pick-me-up by controlling the amount of nicotine absorbed in the bloodstream. Extended, intense inhalations, additional puffs per cigarette, or smoking down to the end can increase the nicotine being absorbed to a level higher than the printed one. A large amount of diseases are caused by smoking. Over forty chemicals in the tobacco smoke can cause cancers of larynx, throat, tongue, lungs, bladder, pharynx, oesophagus, lips, colorectal, colon, nasal sinuses, nasal cavities, liver and stomach. It also plays a part in developing cancer of the cervix, pancreas, and kidneys. It causes cardiovascular disease, lung diseases such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It affects all parts of the body from the hair to the immune system. Smoking causes osteoporosis, cataract, leukemia, infertility, Buerger's disease, peptic ulcer, thyroid diseases, erectile dysfunction, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), leukoplakia, skin disorders, peripheral vascular disease (PVD), stroke and insomnia. Passive smokers are also susceptible to diseases related to smoking. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) causes cardiovascular disease and lung cancer in non-smokers. Childhood exposed to ETS tend to have severe asthma. ETS exposure of toddlers also causes an increased risk of bronchitis, pneumonia and ear infections in them. Hence, smokers benefit many people by quitting smoking and they should be aware that anyone can quit smoking; it's just a matter of time

Creating a Pamphlet for College Students on Pregnancy Coursework

Creating a Pamphlet for College Students on Pregnancy - Coursework Example The main components that are required for a healthy pre-natal period are the womans mental and physical health. The changes that the womans body goes through during this period will require regular mental and physical pre-natal check-ups by a professional health care provider, as well as an appropriate exercise program (Fetal Development). Physical health is vital, and "proper prenatal nutrition is essential for healthy fetal development" (Civitas). The woman will need to consult professional information to assure she is getting the adequate intake quantities of folic acid, iron, protein, fluids, and calcium (Civitas). In addition, there may be foods that need to be reduced and substances, such as alcohol and tobacco, which need to be eliminated. In conclusion, risky sexual behavior that sometimes characterizes a college lifestyle may result in an unwanted pregnancy. The couple should be emotionally ready and the woman should be physically prepared. The pre-natal period should include proper nutrition, adequate exercise, and total abstinence from substances that can affect the healthy development of the

Engineering procurement and construction

Engineering procurement and construction Integrated Project Teams With Multi Office Execution, A Study Of EPC Projects In Canada Abstract Engineering procurement and construction (EPC) projects in the Canadian oil and gas industry have gained significant economic importance due to rising hydrocarbon commodity price. The oil and gas industry in Alberta has planned to spend approximately 142 billion dollars (Government of Alberta, 2010) within the next two decades on capital projects. Alberta has recognized the shortage of human resources during peak economic activities, to execute mega capital projects. Multi office execution (MOE) is a way forward for all the major EPC houses in Canada to meet the demands of Clients within budget and on schedule. Further, it has been identified by the industry needs that integrated project teams are critical to the success of these complex oil and gas projects. In this environment, project management techniques need to be adapted to match project complexity. This paper will provide much insight through case studies related to project teams in multi office execution, and review the existing literature body of knowledge. An analysis is presented based on the project management knowledge areas. Recommendations are made based on this analysis. The objectives of this paper are to review literature related to managing MOE projects and to determine the keys to success and areas that need improvement in MOE. Introduction Alberta oil and gas industry has gained significant economic importance over the past decades. In 2010, it is estimated that the industry has an inventory of 57 capital oil and gas projects with a total value of 142 billion dollars (Government of Alberta, 2010). Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) companies have been providing oil and gas owner companies with expertise and resources to execute these capital projects. Under current market condition, the oil and gas owner companies want the EPC companies to share more risks. More and more projects are based on lump sum and fixed-fee contracts and are executed under lower budgets and tighter schedules. To stay competitive, many EPC companies have adopted global execution business model. Work is carried out in multiple offices or even by multiple organizations (Macquary, 2003). Cost saving benefit is achieved by allocating project scopes to high-value low-cost offices in other provinces or other countries. The companies may develop a partnership with other companies with specific technical expertise or local business expertise in order to gain market share in a new or emerging market. The MOE improves resource availability under booming economy, where resource shortage becomes a sig nificant problem in executing large projects. Despite several benefits, MOE projects can be very challenging to manage. Although the project management methodology is applicable to both single-office and multi-office projects (Cowle et al, 1995), the multi-office projects require particular emphasis on some of the project management processes. The objectives of this paper are to review literature related to managing MOE projects and to determine the keys to success, challenges and areas that need improvement in MOE. Interviews with project management experts from the EPC industry who have experience managing multi-billion dollar MOE projects provided insights into MOE best practices. The interviews were designed based on project management knowledge areas established by Project Management Institute or PMI (Project Management Institute, 2004) in order to present the findings using internationally accepted framework. These knowledge areas are: project integration management, project scope management, project time management, project cost management, project quality management, project human resource management, project communication management, project procurement management, and project risk management. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews literature related to MOE. Section 3 briefly describes methodology and the MOE projects studied in this paper. Keys to success and challenges for MOE are discussed in Section 4. This is followed by conclusions in Section 5.   Literature Review Multi-Office Execution Concepts Engineering and Construction Risk Institute (2009) defines two main elements of a multi-office executing organization: 1) Lead office which is an office that provides leadership and has overall responsibility for the execution of the project; 2) Support office which is an entity participating in the project under the overall management and supervisory control of the lead office. The multi office execution strategy is found to be popularly framed within concepts such as virtual teams and offshore outsourcing (off shoring). A common definition available for a virtual group/team is a group of geographically and temporally dispersed individuals who are assembled via technology to accomplish an organization task. Joseph (2005) specifically defines Global Virtual Engineering Team (GVET) as a group of geographically dispersed individuals organized through communication and information technologies that need to overcome space, time, functional, organizational, national, and cultural barriers for the completion of a specific engineering task. According to Joseph (2005), the following comparison can be made between a virtual team and a conventional team. The most critical and important feature of virtual teams is that they cross boundaries of space. Whereas the members of traditional teams work in close proximity to one another, the members of virtual teams are separa ted, often by many miles or even continents. Although many traditional, localized teams also communicate through computerized communication media, technology such as video conferencing is typically used by virtual team members to supplement their rare face-to-face communication. In physically collocated teams, members of the team are likely to have similar and complementary cultural and educational backgrounds since they have gone through the same recruitment and selection procedures as they are employed by the same organization. In a virtual team the members may vary in their education, culture, language, time orientation and expertise. There can also be conflicting organizational and personal goals among the members of a virtual team. Multi-office execution also can be part of off shoring when local EPC companies subcontract project activities to branches or a different company in a foreign country. Off shoring is an extreme version of outsourcing, and it refers to the transfer of production/service capacity from a site within a country to a site in another country and then importing back for national consumption of goods and services that had previously being produced locally (Goff, 2005). Off shoring business operations offer a potential for 15-20% cost savings, but further analyses show that organizations that properly plan and operate offshore initiatives can reap substantially higher rewards (Fox and Hughes, 2008). According to Goff (2005) the benefits of off shoring for large companies include: maintaining or increasing profitability by reduced labor costs if resources with the same or higher level of expertise can be obtained in the foreign countries; maintaining its competitive position or even protecting it from going out of business; and increasing the market share of a company by improving their capacity and utilizing available in-house resources to more value added ventures. Canada ranks high among most attractive host countries for companies wishing to locate abroad to improve their financial position according to the offshore location attractive index (Goff, 2005). The multi-office execution has been made possible and successful, solely due to the advancements in the information and communication technology. With the rapid advancement of the electronic age the ability to staff a project from multiple offices has gone from a dream to a practical reality (Cowle et al, 1995). The latest developments in communication technology such as teleconferencing, video conferencing and host of other online applications coupled with ever increasing speed of data, voice and video transfer literally eliminate distance barriers. According to Macquary (2003) we are at a point in time where information technology is allowing us to change many of our traditional way of doing work. Hence it is possible to create an organizational structure agile enough to accept them and quickly apply them to add value. MOE Driving Forces Economy conditions are the main driving forces for the MOE strategy (Macquary (2003), Joshep (2005), Global Insight USA (2004), and Engineering and Construction Risk Institute (2009)). Under booming economy, labor shortage becomes a problem for many organizations and the MOE is a way to acquire project teams from other remote offices or even other companies. The MOE strategy is also used to add resources in order to meet tighter/compressed project schedules. On the other hand, slower economy growth demands constant vigilance over cost. Companies with global operations often allocate or outsource work to high-value low-cost offices, especially when qualified resources with lower wages are available. For instance, offices in India, China or Far East countries could be candidates for such support offices. Company policy to gain market share is another driver for MOE strategy. Companies can setup offices in other countries or develop business partnership with local companies to capture global or emerging markets. A joint venture between companies (or even competitors) with complementing expertise to take on a project that requires diversified expertise is also another driver for MOE. Other driving forces are: development in technology such as internet connections and other communication tools; a need to free resources for core business or higher value purposes; change in educational trend which results in smaller number of graduates in some studying fields (Joseph, 2005). Managing MOE Projects Engineering and Construction Risk Institute (2009) suggested issues to be addressed for MOE projects during sales/pre-execution, project mobilization, project execution, and project completion phases. Key issues are: early engagement with the client to obtain agreement to MOE and address clients concerns; early engagement of the support offices; clear definition of scopes and responsibilities for individual offices and kick-off meetings; alignment of work processes, deliverables, and reports; selecting suitable key project roles who are opened to MOE; and communication plan. Joseph (2005) has identified technology, management, organization, project control and team communication as important items to consider in global virtual team formation and execution. Clear and frequent communication, periodic face-to-face meetings, good communication tools and compatibility in information technology, standard work processes and communication procedures, and clearly defined scope expectations are named as top success criteria for multi-office execution. Whereas lack of or poor communication, lack of face-to-face meetings, lack of understanding of local work practices/ cultural differences and/or language issues, lack of management involvement experienced leadership, changes not handled properly, slow response to changes, incompatible or poor technology including hardware and software are top failure factors found within EPC industry for multi-office execution. Chinowsky and Rojas (2003) outlined the top 10 management issues that must be addressed when initiating and maintaining virtual teams. They are categorized as Team issues and Process issues. Team issues include: initial face-to-face meetings are required to develop a sense of ‘‘team, managers must visit remote participants during the course of the project, trust between team members is difficult to establish when operating in a virtual environment, and virtual team leaders should be selected with an acknowledgment of the unique demands placed on distributed teams. Process issues includes: project objectives must be restated and reinforced frequently to ensure that all members remain focused on a common outcome; conflicts must be addressed quickly to prevent unresolved issues from interfering with communications; discussions on decisions will be more difficult as participants continue discussions via electronic media; expectations of each team member must be stated clearly to assist the members as they work independently; team member workloads should be monitored to ensure that significant increases do not occur due to increased electronic communications; and regular training must occur equally for all members of the virtual team. Methodology And Studied MOE Projects The methodology used in this paper to gain insights into MOE best practices and challenges is interviewing project management experts who have experience managing MOE projects in EPC industry. The interviews were designed using project management knowledge areas: project integration management, project scope management, project time management, project cost management, project quality management, project human resource management, project communication management, project procurement management, and project risk management. The project management knowledge areas are identified by its knowledge requirements and described in terms of their component processes, practices, inputs, outputs, tools, and techniques (Project Management Institute, 2004). The two major reasons for the projects to implement MOE strategy found in this paper are resource constraint and cost saving. All of the projects discussed in this paper were executed during the booming economy (i.e. high oil price) and manpower shortage became a problem for many projects. Therefore, the MOE beame a necessary strategy to acquire project teams with required skills from locations with more resource availability. To save cost, project scopes were allocated to high-value low-cost offices in either other provinces or other countries (e.g., India and China). Cost benefit was achieved in both cases. Some of the projects allocated â€Å"less technical† work such as cloning design work and closing project work to these support offices. Another driving force identified is a company strategy to expand and maintain national or global operations. The MOE strategy is used to balance resource utilization. In booming economy, work is allocated to reduce workload at some offices. During an economy down turn, work is allocated to maintain support offices as it is more economical than closing the support offices and rebuilding them when demand resumes. Engineering work is usually allocated among lead and support offices. For better coordination, a procurement organization is usually setup in the offices that perform engineering design. However, smaller projects may choose to have only one procurement organization in the lead office. Construction is mostly executed by the lead office. However, some construction scopes (e.g., fabrication and modularization programs) may be subcontracted to local or international third-parties, therefore they are considered as MOE. Prime contract management/ legal functions are usually executed by the lead office only. Other project functions such as Project Management, Project Controls, and Document Management are executed from the lead office. However, depending on the size of the project and project strategy, these functions may also be executed from other support offices. Keys To Success Challenges In MOE Further discussion on keys to success, challenges, and areas required improvement for MOE projects is divided into 9 subsections per Project Management Knowledge Areas (Project Management Institute, 2004): project integration management, project scope management, project time management, project cost management, project quality management, project human resource management, project communication management, project procurement management, and project risk management. The discussion is summarized at the end of this section. Project Integration Management For MOE projects, the lead office is normally responsible for developing the project charter and preliminary project scope statement. This is due to closer contact with the Client. Furthermore, at the early stage of the project, the support offices may not have been involved yet. It is important that the project management team provides MOE justification to gain support from the Client. It is recommended that the project management plan developed during the planning phase addresses the MOE strategy including high-level justification, organization, resource utilization and scope allocation. Some projects may choose to develop a separate subsidiary plan which addresses MOE issues such as scope allocation, responsibility, and communication in more detail. The MOE brings many challenges in monitoring and controlling project work. All offices should take responsibility for their own work but the lead office must take the responsibility to monitor and control overall project work. Managers in the lead office need to understand their roles in monitoring and controlling project work even though the work may be executed by the support offices. Basic communication approaches such as regular phone calls and VDO conference meetings and information systems that allow progress information to be collected from support offices are used for monitoring and controlling project work. Project changes should be managed and controlled centrally by the lead office. Changes are initiated from all offices but only the lead office should have authorization to approve changes. The approved changes need to be captured and project plans (e.g., budget and schedule) are adjusted accordingly. It is important that no office should start executing the changes before they are approved even if the changes are initiated by the Client. Closing project is identified in this paper as one of the major challenges in MOE. Each office is normally responsible for closing the work under their scopes. However, the support offices have smaller scopes of work, therefore they usually de-staff earlier than the lead office. If the support offices de-staff before the close out is complete, the work is transferred to the lead office which may not have sufficient background understanding to properly close out the work/scope. To avoid this circumstance, the projects must plan and execute the project closing process carefully. It is also important that sufficient budget is allocated for the project closing process. Electronic archiving of project documents is recommended to facilitate the project closing. Other challenge identified for project closing process is lessons-learned management. Lessons learned from all offices need to be captured, analyzed for follow-up actions or recommendations, archived, and internally published. Lessons learned are proprietary and required careful review before they are published to avoid any commercial or legal impacts. Some EPC companies may have a corporate function dedicated to manage lessons learned from all projects. If not, the project management team in the lead office should be responsible for managing lessons learned from all offices. As this is a part of project closing, management of lessons learned needs to be planned, scheduled and have budget provided for like other project work. Project Scope Management After the preliminary project scope statement is developed, the project scope must be further refined. Scope allocation among the offices is a major part of scope management for MOE projects. Depending on the types of projects, the scope can be further divided vertically or horizontally. For example, oil and gas facility construction projects normally divide scope vertically by geographical areas of the facilities while power plant construction projects usually divide the scope horizontally, by specialized technical systems such as steam lines, control systems, rotating equipments, etc. Nevertheless, the project scope should be divided in the fashion that requires as little coordination as possible. In reality establishing a balance between MOE scope division and effort to coordinate the project scopes becomes a fine art for the project management team. Several criteria are used to allocate the scopes among the multiple offices. These include expertise and experience, cost, resource availability, and organizational strategy. The lead office is mainly responsible for scope allocation. It is identified in this paper that clear understanding of scope is one of the key elements to successful MOE. Therefore, it is highly recommended that the lead office organize kick-off meetings to engage the support offices as soon as possible in order to develop the scope definition and WBS. It is crucial that these processes are a joint effort between the lead office and support offices. This will develop a better understanding of the scope and a sense of ownership for the support offices which will later benefit the scope control process (e.g., recognizing scope changes and their impacts). Tools that are used for scope planning are responsibility matrices that clearly indicate the responsibility among the offices at project deliverable level (e.g., division of responsibility, material assignment schedule, control and monitoring needs, etc.). Detail responsibility to verify and accept the project deliverables can also be included in the responsibility matrix. Critical deliverables are accepted directly by the lead office for review before transferring to the Client, while the other deliverables can be submitted directly by the support offices to the Client. However, the lead office has overall responsibility to ensure that the project deliverables are completed as per project scope. The scope should be controlled centrally by the lead office as a part of integrated change management discussed in the previous section. As a result, it is important that the lead office has a good understanding and control of the scopes that are performed by all offices. Project Time Management Project work broken down into tangible components and assigned to a resource is essential for schedule development. Project schedules should be developed by the lead office in close communication and cooperation of support offices. The lead office usually initiates high-level schedule which contains major project milestones usually knows as master schedule, then the support offices provide detail information (e.g., activity sequence, activity resource estimating and activity duration estimating) to be incorporated into the master schedule. Once the project schedule is developed and adopted as a time management tool, activity status information required to update this schedule is collected from all offices. It is important that all offices follow the master project schedule. Use of universal scheduling tools that provides visibility to all offices particularly benefits the MOE execution. Communicating and resolving schedule misalignments among offices is considered to be one of the challenges for MOE. Therefore, it is recommended that the master schedule control is centralized and the lead office assign personnel to coordinate schedule information from all offices. Project Cost Management Cost estimating is a significant activity during the early execution of the project. During the early stage the scope and responsibilities are with the lead office, therefore the cost estimating is also performed by the lead office. Early estimates are conceptual estimates with some details (e.g., major equipment cost, estimated bulk quantities and construction cost). When further design development takes place and if significant scopes are allocated to support offices, area estimators could be assigned to provide input to the lead estimating team. Detail estimates are developed when significant engineering is completed. Input and feedback from all the execution offices are used in developing detail estimates. Once the detailed estimates are approved and implemented each support office is responsible for its scope of work. Typically, total cost management and final reporting remain the responsibilities of the lead office. Cost control strategy can be either centralized or decentralized, depending upon the scope splits, project staffing, level of effort needed to control and report project cost. For instance, if a support office is allocated a small scope (e.g., the support office only produces isometric drawings), total cost control can be performed by the lead office. On the other hand, if a support office has significant scope (i.e. a complete plant area), cost control for that area can be assigned to the support office with periodic reporting to the lead office. Regardless of centralized or decentralized cost control strategy, the lead office has a responsibility to control and report to the Client overall project cost. Project Quality Management The quality planning should be initiated by the lead office with consideration to Clients quality standards and requirements. Project quality assurance and quality control are typically executed by all offices. For the MOE projects that involve support offices from foreign countries or from different companies, different quality practices may be allowed as long as they comply with the project quality management plan. In case the quality assurance and control of support offices do not comply to project quality plan, the lead office may need to execute these two processes as appropriate. Project Human Resource Management For MOE projects, the lead office should initiate the human resource planning by providing allocated man-hour budget to the support offices. Factors such as capability, reliability, quality, and expertise of the support offices should also be considered when developing the budgets. Then the support offices are responsible for developing their own staffing plans. The lead office should also ensure that: the budgets allocated to the support offices are appropriate; all managers are trained to do staff planning; and the staffing plans developed by the support offices align with project plans (e.g., budget, schedule, and scopes of work). As leadership is crucial for project success, the project lead roles (e.g., engineering leads) in the support offices should be identified early. These lead roles provide direction to the teams and are communicating channels between the lead office and the support offices. Some projects may instead select to assign a coordinating role for smaller scope of work allocated to the support offices. Lead offices may influence staff assignments at support offices especially for the lead positions. However, the support offices are usually responsible for acquiring their own project teams for the reasons that they have better knowledge and understanding of their staff as well as they are directly responsible for the staff career development. MOE projects have to overcome many challenges in developing the project team. Phone calls and meetings between offices in different time zones are more difficult to arrange while communicating only via emails may not be an ideal approach to develop a working relationship. Cultures and languages also add challenges to communication. It also takes time to develop trust and working relationship between offices which is a challenge for offices that have never worked together before or offices that have high-turnover or are downsized. Other challenges are standardizing or aligning work processes. This paper identifies that having staff from the leading office visit support offices at regular intervals and vice versa is an effective approach to build project team for MOE projects. These visits could be for training, meetings, or trouble shootings. The project should arrange these visits as often as possible during the project life cycle. VDO conference is also recommended as a more effective meeting tool than just a phone conference. The project management should be instrumental in arrange all-office team building activities such as project progress presentation, discipline presentations and recognition and reward program. Each office is responsible for managing its own staff. However, the lead office needs to manage overall performances of the support offices. Cultural difference should be considered for appropriate management style. It should also be noted that the performances between offices should not be compared without understanding the legitimate factors that may impact the performance from each office (e.g., expertise experience). Other challenge found in managing the MOE team is that delivery and performance issues (e.g., rework, delay, or actual amount of remaining work) may not be communicated to the lead office. These are often driven by fear of negative consequences such as losing work. Therefore, it is important to set reasonable performance targets based on capability of the support offices and the lead office provides support in solving any performance issues such as training and trouble shooting. Project Communication Management As a part of communication planning, it is recommended that the stakeholder analysis is performed for all offices to determine the project communication requirements. Communication planning should address information, information originator, information receiver, frequency, and communication medium. It is important that the lead office is the only point of contact for handling commercial and contractual matters. When appropriate, mass communication methods such as group email, project portal, shared drive are recommended for MOE projects. It is important that project changes (e.g., revisions) are communicated with high priority between offices to prevent rework, especially if work is shared between multiple offices (e.g., outputs from one office become inputs for the other offices). To facilitate the information distribution during the execution phase, the use of information distribution matrix is recommended. The matrix determines the list of employees that the information is to be distributed to and is managed by document management group. Overall project performance reporting should be a responsibility of the lead office with inputs from support offices. The performance reporting should be included in the communication management plan. Reporting schedule and format should be developed and agreed upon by all offices. Necessary trainings (e.g., use of tools to collect performance information, data gathering and data analysis) should be provided to all offices to ensure reporting accuracy and consistency. Project Procurement Management One of procurement decisions to be made at the beginning of an MOE project is purchasing and managing strategy for each material commodity. It is generally more economical that bulk material (e.g., bulk piping materials, steel, and cables) requirements from all offices are consolidated and purchased together by the lead office. However, commodities that require customized engineering design such as mechanical and electrical equipments may be managed more effectively if they are procured by the same engineering office. After the decisions are made, the procurement organization then can be setup to support the commodity management strategy. It is a best practice to have procurement organizations in all engineering offices. However, some smaller projects may choose to setup only one project procurement organization in the lead offices. Subcontract function (which is a part of procurement management per project pr

Christianity On-line Essay -- Personal Narrative Communities Essays

Christianity On-line On-line communities are a foreign concept to me. I have never joined one, or even been curious to see what they are like. The only experience I have had with them is in middle school when I used to go into chat rooms and talk to other teens. The only conversation involved there was about music and movies. It has been years since I have ventured into anything on-line except for checking my e-mail or downloading music. In order to write about on-line communities, the assignment given to the class I am in, I had to go on-line and explore the culture myself. Since I had no idea what server to use or what sites were popular, the task was a little daunting. The first thing I looked at was " The Lost Library of Moo ," a site I went to because it was a resource tool listed on the Website for my English class. We had looked at it once before in class to practice navigating it. The only thing I got from the site was that the pictures were pretty and interesting. I did not understand the purpose of it or how to play games that were available. Even reading the introduction and summary of what the site was about confused me. It talked about making verbs written in the language of Moo and virtual reality. The concept of Moo had never been clearly explained to me, so trying to figure the site out on my own was not getting me anywhere. The site is categorized as a MUD or MOO, which is designed to be an educational tool. I was getting discouraged because I could not even understand the directions. The site also talked about signing on to the server and being a "character." I did not even know how to maneuver a game; creating a charact er for it was not even an option for me. Since I was totally l... ...manner. It is easy for people with common interests to meet and exchange views. A person is able to cut through normal small talk that is involved when first meeting someone else, and ask direct questions about the topic known to be important to both of them. On-line communities offer a sense of belonging right away. That is why Christianity or any religion often becomes popular sites with active discussion boards. A topic that is carefully worded to be politically correct when talked about in person, can be discussed frankly when using a screen name. It allows people to be comfortable enough to share their feelings and show their ignorance without worrying about repercussions. I support on-line discussion boards, even though it takes away from face-to-face interaction, something that is necessary when building a solid relationship with another person.

Art: in the beginning Essay

Art, can you imagine a time when art wasn’t part of your culture, it has been around for an extremely long time even the crave man did it. Imagine how much it has evolved since then. In order to understand the technical aspect of art, how the art was created and understanding it’s meaning, you have to travel back in time to Egyptian art. Egypt started it all which influenced the Greeks’ art. Both Egyptian and Greek art has played a heavy influence on today’s Western traditional art. However, they both went about the creation of Art differently. They had different focal points, technics and humanistic views. Embark through the journey of learning about Ancient Art and maybe your view point on art will change. Egyptian imagery was governed by sociality ideals of what was suitable at the time which is why their art seem to appear extremely stagnant. This was done on purpose because they believe that it made their art seem stable with a deific balance. Egyptian art had a common theme, its focused on gods/goddess, royalty and the afterlife. Their art conveyed an idealized version of a person. However, Greeks art may have been influenced by Egyptian art but they took a more of a realistic focal point of art. When creating a human they created a realistic idea of a person by emphasizing facial expressions, stance and their location upon the canvas. When the Egyptian may have focus more on the afterlife then the living the Greeks was the opposite, they value life. Their differences doesn’t stop there it is evident that they both used different approaches to create art. Every artist has a median they used to create the picture they have in their mind. For instance the Egyptian used stone, wood and metal to create sculptures. This limited the amount of movement and actions of the depicted image. Egyptian artists embraced the two-dimensional surfaces. This is where registers where created, separate the scene in the picture as well as a floor for the figure to appear to be standing on. Without the registers the scene would appear chaotic; battles and hunting scenes. The Greeks enjoy creating art on pottery, the Black-and-Red (later there was also Red-and-Black) techniques were used to decorate fine pottery. The formation and creation of the pot in its self is art with the added effect of the  picture that was place on the surface. This form of art had a practical used to it because the specific shapes signified its daily usage, storing and transportation of wine and amphora (food things). Both Egypt and Greece biggest influence of art was based on the human world. They saw the beauty of the naked body but they still have different ideals. The Egypt highlighted the physic of a person rather the humanistic characteristic. While the Greek figure is in the nude, athletic built, youthful, and has a perfect proportion. Egyptians mainly focus on the complete picture. If you standing in an ancient art museum will you be able to identify the Egyptian art and the Greek art by now looking at the technical aspect? They may have a big influence on today’s world of art. The creation of pottery is relatively the same just more efficient with modern technology. The center point of art may have shifted but they all universally go back to the same theme, human life. The technical aspect of art varies now a days and humans remain the focal point of art. Both Egyptians and Greeks approach of art was great, both embodies today’s art.

buy custom Medical Care of Wounded Veterans essay

buy custom Medical Care of Wounded Veterans essay Introduction Veteran soldiers have been receiving medical care since the World War II. During the war, quite a large number of soldiers got injured. Some were even deceased as a result. For these reason medical care was availed to the soldiers to ensure that they were well cared for. This medical care was provided free of charge to the soldiers and in some cases the soldiers benefited from the medical care even after they were discharged from the service. However, there were some conditions which were considered before one could benefit from the medical services. These conditions were to be the key factors to be considered during the process of awarding medical benefits to the war veterans. Some of these conditions included the following. If a veteran soldier was wounded during the war and the wounds caused a permanent disability due to injuries acquired from the war, the veteran was entitled to a lifetime medical care (Priest and Hull, 14). The Situation during World War 2 During the war some of the veterans were exposed to mental shock that needed psychological attention. Due to this reason the soldiers were to be given quality mental health that would see them through these conditions. These benefits were received in terms of monthly pension for the permanently disabled veterans due to injuries or due to disease that was acquired during the wars. These benefits were supposed to be an incentive to the war veterans who took part in various wars from World War II, Vietnam war to Iraq and Afghanistan war. But the question is do this veterans receive these benefits in terms of medical services as stated? According to Wheeler and Thomas (308), during the Second World War the war veterans were entitled to medical care during and after the war. The injured or the diseased soldiers were given special medical attention in the process of war. During this second war, airplanes were the most preferred mode of transferring the wounded soldiers to the hospitals for treatment. It is imperative to note that there were varying situations in the various hospitals that offered medical care to the war veterans. Among the most notable deplorable conditions was in the Walter Reed hospital in the US where injured veterans were more often than not caught in a Catch 22 situation. There was a much messed up bureaucratic situation which would only be compared to the battlefield where the soldiers were fighting. Many of the soldiers brought in the hospitals were being taken care of by other wounded soldiers owing to the fact that here were minimal practitioners in the medical camps. The soldiers who faced p sychological disorders were the ones put in charge of more suicidal patients brought in the facilities. Improvement in Medical care now There has been a very considerable improvement in the quality of helth care that the war veterans have received In Iraq. It has been noted especially by the third eye or otherwise the media that wounded soldiers in Iraq who would probably not have survived under normal conditions are now surviving thanks to the high standards of medical care given to the wounded soldiers. According to a report by Shapiro (67), although close to 47% of the respondents feel that there is a high quality of medication offered for the wounded soldiers in the front line in Iraq than in the military hospitals immediately they get back to the US, there are also a number of people who feel that the wounded soldiers do not get quality treatment on the front lines, this was represented by 43%. It has been also reported that a majority of Americans whose family member has been serving in the military carry a negative opinion of the military facilities with 41% believing that the care given in the military facili ties is worse. Recent efforts to improve medical care for veterans During the 2008 presidential campaigns, there was a highly contested debate that was centered at bringing to the forefront the issue of compensating the veterans. According to the Harvard School of Public Health (23) the issue of dissatisfaction in the health care services offered in the medical facilities became a major issue in the presidential campaigns. This would particularly affect the majority of the voters who had family members working in the military. During the World War 2, there were many veterans who suffered in quest of securing their countries. As such, many of them suffered work related injuries and consequent disability; many were exposed to chemicals that affected them in more than one way. Recently, there have been considerable government efforts to compensate the veterans who grossly suffered, there were those who were exposed t atomic bomb blasts during training and therefore developed high cancer rates. In a camp in LeJeune, families of the military men and wome n have suffered from cancer owing to the high risk occasioned by the carcinogens buried on the ground by the government (Priest and Hull, 18). Financial Implications for poor medical care Economists in the US have attributed the ongoing cases of poor medication on the veterans to improper government incentives thanks to the myopic eye of the finance docket. According to a recent study by Harvard University, there is a very serious financial implication of the war in Iraq as well as Afghanistan that if care is not taken, there is going to be a meltdown in the Department of Veterans Affairs the arm charged with the duty of taking care of the war veterans in the United States of America. According to the study, the Veterans Association is underfunded as well as under-equipped to tackle issues to do with the current and future financial implications of the veteranss healthcare. This will no doubt mean that in there is a high likelihood that there will continue being a deteriorated service offered to the veterans since there are not enough infrastructures to deal with the ever increasing number of cases. Literature on the situation Just like during the World War 2 however, there has been no major change in the kind of care give to the war veterans. For instance, during the world war 2, military officers in Vietnam received medical care fee of close to USD 5,000, this at that point in time was quite a lot of money that would sustain them, unfortunately, even as the economic times get harder, this amount has not been reviewed and as such, the officers are subjected to a very pathetic condition. The study further estimates there are almost 16 soldiers who get wounded in every fatal situation ever since the beginning of Global War on Terror. This is a casualty rate which exceeds the statistics of previous wars (Priest and Hull, 23). The findings of this report were that at least 200,000 soldiers who had been deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan got treatment at the Veterans Associations medical facility. In this regard, this study further predicts a sky rocketing in the cost of medical care as well as compensation targeting the returning veterans to up to seven hundred billion dollars. Perhaps it would give a more insightful look if we considered veteran fighters all over the world as the single most people who gave birth to many independent nations today. It is also a more insightful approach if we considered the fact there are indeed many more veteran fighters who until today have strongly upheld the mantle in ensuring that the light of stability in many wore torn countries is upheld (Harvard School of Public Health, 23). Conclusion In conclusion therefore, the question that therefore arises is to what extent the independent governments have and other agencies done to ensure that these fighters have been well taken care of. There is an African proverb that states that it is only a fool who sits on a plate that has fed him. It is in this regard that I would love to mention categorically that the government should be keen in ensuring that war veterans have been accorded the best medications since they protect a country more than any other citizen. The fact that there are more veterans who suffered than those who survived means that there should be a system of rewarding them not only financially through compensation for the injuries they suffered but a good medical system that would assure them of their health tomorrow. Today, many governments and especially the United States have considered improving the Veteran Association facilities to cater for the health needs of the soldiers in the event of injuries in their course of duty. Buy custom Medical Care of Wounded Veterans essay